Belgarath, 86-142 only addresses brokerage commissions, and says they are intrinsic investment expenses that must be paid by the plan or trust, and if paid by employer or IRA owner are deemed to be contributions. I am not aware (although there may be some) of guidance directly dealing with investment management expenses. Under 1.404(a)(3)(d) and 86-142 we know that the employer or IRA owner can separately pay plan or IRA trustee's fees, actuarial fees, and administrative fees. Opposite for brokerage commissions. Investment management fees would seem to fall more on the trustee/administrative fee side of the ledger, and that conclusion is clearly implied by the wrap fee rulings discussed in the Groom article that you provide the link for. And note that this issue (whether investment management fees can be paid and deducted separate from plan contributions in the first place) is even more basic than David's original question, which assumed that they could if the investments were in a 401(a) plan trust as opposed to being spread across to IRAs ion a SEP arrangement.