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Who's the Employer?

Answers are provided by S. Derrin Watson, JD, APM

Inlaws as HCEs

(Posted April 30, 2001)

Question 95: Husband owns 100% of a business, as his separate property. Wife and Wife's parents are employees of the business. I believe Wife is an HCE because she is deemed to own her husband's stock, but I'm not sure about the parents. Because they don't contribute much to the 401(k), it would help the ADP test if they were HCEs. Any suggestions?

Answer: The attribution rules applicable to determining highly compensated employees are the same rules used to determine Affiliated Service Group status. They are contained in Internal Revenue Code section 318. Under those rules, there is always attribution between husband and wife and between parent and child.

However, as with the other sets of attribution rules, you cannot use family attribution twice. That means that while Wife can be deemed to own Husband's stock, Wife's Father cannot be deemed to own the stock Wife owns by attribution from Husband.

However, assuming this is a solid marriage (and that this is not a professional corporation, which limits who can actually own stock in the company), that can be solved. Let Husband give Wife an option to buy 6% of his stock. Then she will be deemed to own that 6%, not by family attribution, but rather by option attribution. Attributing that 6% to her parents by family attribution is then permitted, because the family rules were only used once.

For a detailed discussion of these attribution rules, see Chapter 14 of my book, Who's the Employer?.

Important notice:

Answers are provided as general guidance on the subjects covered in the question and are not provided as legal advice to the questioner or to readers. Any legal issues should be reviewed by your legal counsel to apply the law to the particular facts of this and similar situations.

The law in this area changes frequently. Answers are believed to be correct as of the posting dates shown. The completeness or accuracy of a particular answer may be affected by changes in the law (statutes, regulations, rulings, court decisions, etc.) that occur after the date on which a particular Q&A is posted.