BCBS could certainly recall a payment to the provider so I hope that answers your question specifically. As to how this will play out, that is not a question we can answer without knowing the intimate details of the plan details and the bankruptcy.
If I had to guess, I'd say you may have gotten lucky. You may have been the one to actually drain any funds the group health plan had left. If that's the case, I would guess it highly unlikely that the employer can get those funds back from BCBS (via recalling provider payment).
Unfortunately, things like this do happen in other instances...not just where the employer goes bankrupt. Many states have a guarantee association that would ensure the claims will be paid in the event of carrier insolvency. Admittedly, this is different because it is due to an employer bankruptcy. For now, I suggest not borrowing trouble and fretting over what you (Or anyone else) doesn't know. If this goes worst case scenario, you will have options to ensure that you're not ultimately on the hook for those claims.