Some lawyers read ERISA Advisory Opinion 94-27A (July 14, 1994) to suggest some reasoning under which ERISA might preempt a State’s wage-payment law. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/employers-and-advisers/guidance/advisory-opinions/1994-27a
For preemption to apply, Federal law need not regulate the same subject or object as what the State law regulates. Under ERISA’s express preemption, ERISA’s titles I and IV supersede a State law “insofar as [the State law] may . . . relate to any [ERISA-governed] employee benefit plan[.]” ERISA § 514(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a).
Further, a participant-loan procedure’s or other governing document’s provisions about repayment of a participant loan might be a part of a plan’s ERISA § 402(b) funding policy.
A lawyer rendering advice about whether a State’s wage-payment law is or isn’t preempted might consider ERISA § 514(b)(4): “Subsection (a) shall not apply to any generally applicable criminal law of a State.” (Before ERISA § 514(e), some lawyers interpreted § 514(b)(4) as undoing a preemption that otherwise might apply if the State’s law made it a crime to violate the State’s wage-payment law.)
Relevant law’s several (and compound) ambiguities suggest an employer needs its lawyer’s advice. (If the plan’s administrator is a person distinct from the employer, it too might need its lawyer’s advice.)
Consider that a too-hasty decision in either direction risks a breach or violation.