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Check out the following article https://ferenczylaw.com/article-defined-benefit-plans-determining-professional-status-of-plan-sponsors-for-pbgc-coverage/ Section RULINGS WHERE THE PBGC FOUND THAT THE OWNER WAS A PROFESSIONAL We spoke to a PBGC “higher up”, I believe a supervisor at the time, who initially balked at the question, and when we pushed for an answer, mentioned that a pharmacy where sundries were sold, more than 40% of the business revenue must be “phamacy related” in order not to be covered. Applying for a PBGC coverage determination is a long and expensive process and we have seen responses of up to 6-8 months. Of course the supervisor has now retired. Hope this helps.

I was in undergrad when that movie came out. A friend of mine got a student job in the computer operations room. He had access to the system that was more than maybe you should give to a student. All the workers came to work one morning and the first message they got on their work terminal was: Do you want to play a game? How about Thermal Nuclear War?

One wonders whether the Joint Committee on Taxation and the Congressional Budget Office, when they form the revenue-effects estimates, consider executive agencies’ nonenforcement. And if they consider that, how they estimate the nonenforcement. For example: By announcing two years’ nonenforcement of tax law that requires some participants’ age-based catch-up deferrals be made as Roth contributions, the IRS gave away more than $4 billion [$4,042 million] in budgeted revenue.

The first computer I used in the workforce after graduating college in 1983 was a Wang (maybe a 2200) with an 8" floppy drive that we used to save some Basic programs we wrote to show some illustrations to clients. Fun stuff.

The top-heavy minimum contribution will look at the highest key employee allocation rate that takes into account all contributions of that individual. Whether it is considered employee or employer doesn't matter because the min takes into account everything.

If the only employer contributions are qualified under safe harbor rules, including the discretionary match, top heaviness does not apply.