27 pages. "While there is limited evidence that suggests that advisers have a direct impact on their clients' savings behaviors, there is evidence to suggest that individuals who receive advice tend to be more likely to have a plan for retirement, more likely to feel confident about their retirement preparations, and more likely to have retirement goals. However ... much of this work is correlational and unable to establish whether advisers are causing improvements in retirement-planning outcomes, especially over the long term. Moreover, research examining the impact of workplace retirement seminars suggests that some of the same benefits might be conferred through less personalized interactions."

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