"In contrast to PBMs, corporate TPA practices remain underscrutinized relative to their importance in the health care system. While TPAs claim to lower medical costs -- similar to PBMs' assertions that they reduce drug costs -- allegations made in litigation suggest this is not often the case.... Based on the growing anecdotal evidence of abuses and increasing profits for the TPA business lines of the nation's largest insurers, examining these TPAs' practices could enable policy makers to pursue reforms that help lower out-of-pocket costs, slow premium growth, and increase wages for workers."  MORE >>