"The net effect [of price transparency] is therefore ambiguous and depends on market structure, benefit design, and -- crucially -- who can practically use the information.... In many administered-price systems such as the UK and many EU countries, published prices already exist; transparency is more likely to operate through benchmarking, audit, and governance rather than consumer price shopping.... [The authors] argue that, in the US, transparency must be paired with steerage and competition guardrails to realize savings without inadvertently enabling coordination."  MORE >>